竞争性采购Competitive Procurement

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Also known as: Full and Open Competition, FOC, competition-based procurement, competitive procurement process, competitive solicitation,
也就是：完全公开竞争，简称FOC，以竞争为基础的采购，竞争采购过程，竞争性报价 。
Ethical Procurement
良知采购
Ethics dictates that business be conducted with integrity, fairness, and openness, which require open communication within and among both buying and supplying organizations, ensuring a competitive procurement, and thereby give any organization a chance to compete for contracts and win. It seems like a week does not go by without one hearing a story demonstrating lapses in business ethics stories, where lucky contract winners share close friends in strategic places, as was the case of Halliburton, which was awarded billions in federal no-bid contracts during the years when Dick Cheney was its chief executive officer (CEO).
道德体现在生意往来上的正直，公平和开放，它要求在买主之间及买主和供应商之间进行开放的沟通，确保实现一个竞争性的采购过程，因此能够让任意的组织有机会参与合同的竞标并获胜。似乎在距离某人听到关于商业道德下降的故事一个星期都不到的时候，幸运的中标者就和朋友在重要的地点欢聚，这正如哈利佰顿的例子所示，在迪克.切尼担任首席执行官的时候，他们没有参与任何的竞标就获得了上亿元的合同。
Recognizing this longstanding problem of competitive procurement becoming the exception, the US government launched the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) more than twenty years ago, to help federal agencies manage procurement more efficiently. FAR is an official document setting forth procurement policies and procedures that US Federal agencies should follow when soliciting offers (bids or proposals) for goods, products, services, or construction from qualified suppliers. Rules are delineated into eight chapters:
意识到长久以来竞争性采购存在的特殊问题，美国联邦政府在20年前就公布了联邦采购法规帮助联邦机构更有效的管理采购过程。联邦采购法规是一个官方文件，提出了采购的政策和程序，美国联邦机构在对货物，产品，服务或有资质的供应商进行工程建设进行竞争性报价（投标或方案）的时候都必须遵守该法案。法规分成八章进行阐述：
1. General Information, Definitions, Practices, and Administrative Matters
基本信息，定义，案例和行政条文
2. Competition and Acquisition Planning  竞争和采购计划
3. Contracting Methods and Contract Types 合同方式和合同类型
4. Socioeconomic Programs 社会经济方案
5. General Contracting Requirements 总体合同要求
6. Special Categories of Contracting 特殊合同类别
7. Contract Management 合同管理
8. Clauses and Forms 条款和解释

In response to competit

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