Niels Bohr and The Physics Exam
玻尔和物理考试(中英对照)
来源:moronland.net
翻译:Duli@语际翻译
A hilarious story of a genius in the making who refused to think one-dimensionally.
关于一个天才拒绝直线式思维方式的搞笑故事。
The following concerns a question in a physics exam at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark several decades ago...
以下是几十年前丹麦哥本哈根大学的一道物理考试题
The simple question was: "Describe how to determine the height of a skyscraper with a barometer." To which one student replied: "You tie a long piece of string to the neck of the barometer, then lower the barometer from the roof of the skyscraper to the ground. The length of the string plus the length of the barometer will equal the height of the building."
这个简单的问题是:“描述如何用气压计确定摩天大楼的高度。”一位学生回答道:“你拴一根长绳到气压计的颈部,然后,把气压计从摩天楼的楼顶上往下放,直到接触地面。绳子的长度加上气压计的长度,就等于该摩天大楼的高度。”
This highly original answer so incensed the examiner that the student was failed. The student then appealed on the grounds that his answer was indisputably correct, and the University appointed an independent arbiter to decide the case. The arbiter judged that the answer was indeed correct, but did not display any noticeable knowledge of physics. To resolve the problem it was decided to call the student in and allow him six minutes in which to provide a verbal answer, which showed at least a minimal familiarity with the basic principles of physics.
这个高度原创的答案激怒了主考官,结果该学生考试不及格。该学生后来向校方上诉,理由是他的答案无可争议是正确的,于是学校任命了一个独立仲裁员来调查的这件事。仲裁认为答案确实是正确的,但没有体现出任何明显的物理学知识。为了解决这个问题,有关方面决定找到该学生,并让他六分钟内提供一个口头答复,要求至少体现出最低限度对物理学基本原理的熟悉程度。
For five minutes the student sat in silence, forehead creased in thought. The arbiter reminded him that time was running out, to which the student replied that he had several extremely relevant answers, but couldn't make up his mind which to use. On being advised to hurry up the student replied as follows:
五分钟过去了,学生坐着,一言不发,皱着前额沉浸在思考中。仲裁员提醒他说,时间不多了,而学生回答他想到过过几个非常相关的答案,但并不能确定用哪一个。在催促下,学生回答如下:
• "Firstly, you could take the barometer up to the roof of the skyscraper, drop it over the edge, and measure the time it takes to reach the ground. The height of the building can then be worked out from the formula H = 0.5g x t squared. But bad luck on the barometer."
• "首先,你可以把气压计带到摩天大楼的屋顶,沿着屋沿往下扔,并记下到达地面所花费的时间。楼的高度可以通过公式H = 0.5g t2得出。但气压计只好报废了。
• "Or if the sun is shining you could measure the height of the barometer, then set it on end and measure the length of its shadow. Then you measure the length of the skyscraper's shadow, and thereafter it is a simple matter of proportional arithmetic to work out the height of the skyscraper."
"或者,如果天气晴朗,你可以测量气压计的高度,然后把它立于地面,再测量它的影子的长度。然后测量摩天大楼影子的长度,之后就很简单了,按比例计算出摩天大楼的高度就可以了。 "
"But if you wanted to be highly scientific about it, you could tie a short piece of string to the barometer and swing it like a pendulum, first at ground level and then on the roof of the skyscraper. The height is worked out by the difference in the gravitational restoring force T = 2 pi square root (l / g)."
"但如果你想要高度科学性的话,你可以拴一根短绳到气压计上,让它像一个钟摆一样摇摆,首先在地面摇摆,然后在摩天大楼的屋顶上摇摆。高度可以从重力回复力T = 2 pi (l / g)1/2的差值算出。"
• "Or if the skyscraper has an outside emergency staircase, it would be easier to walk up it and mark off the height of the skyscraper in barometer lengths, then add them up."
"或者如果摩天大楼有外置的紧急楼梯,那就更容易了,沿楼梯从下往上走,以气压计长度为单位标注摩天大楼有多少个气压计长度,然后再把这些数值加和起来。"
"If you merely wanted to be boring and orthodox about it, of course, you could use the barometer to measure the air pressure on the roof of the skyscraper and on the ground, and convert the difference in millibars into feet to give the height of the building."
"如果仅仅要一个乏味的正统答案,当然,你可以利用气压计分别测量摩天大厦楼顶的空气压力和地面的空气压力,将气压差毫巴数转化为英尺,就是该大厦的高度。"
• "But since we are constantly being exhorted to exercise independence of mind and apply scientific methods, undoubtedly the best way would be to knock on the janitor's door and say to him 'If you would like a nice new barometer, I will give you this one if you tell me the height of this skyscraper'."
"但由于我们不断被告诫要独立思考和运用科学方法,毫无疑问,最好的办法就是先敲看门人的大门,并告诉他,"如果你想要个又好又新的气压计,那么告诉我这座摩天大楼的高度就送给你。"
The student was Neils Bohr. He would later go on to win the Nobel Prize for Physics.
该同学就是尼尔斯.玻尔。他后来赢得了诺贝尔物理学奖。
Back ground背景
玻 尔
尼尔斯. 玻尔(Bohr,Niels)1885年10月7日生于丹麦首都哥本哈根,父亲是哥本哈根大学的生理学教授.从小受到良好的家庭教育.1903年进入哥本哈根大学学习物理,1909年获科学硕士学位,1911年获博士学位.大学二年级时研究水的表面张力问题,自制实验器材,通过实验取得了精确的数据,并在理论方面改进了物理学家瑞利的理论,研究论文获得丹麦科学院的金奖章.
由于对卢瑟福的仰慕,于1912年3月到曼彻斯特大学在卢瑟福领导下工作了4个月,当时正值卢瑟福提出了他的原子核式模型.人们把原子设想成与太阳系相似的微观体系,但是在解释原子的力学稳定性和电磁稳定性上却遇到了矛盾.这时玻尔开始酝酿自己的原子结构理论.
玻尔早在大学作硕士论文和博士论文时,就考察了金属中的电子运动,并明确意识到经典理论在阐明微观现象方面的严重缺陷,赞赏普朗克和爱因斯坦在电磁理论方面引入的量子学说.在他研究原子结构问题时,就创造性地把普朗克的量子说和卢瑟福的原子核概念结合了起来.在玻尔离开曼彻斯特大学以前,曾向卢瑟福呈交了一份论文提纲,引入了定态的概念,给出了定态应满足的量子条件.回到哥本哈根后,1913年初,有朋友建议他研究原子结构,应很好地联系和应用当时已有的丰富而精确的光谱学资料,这使他思路大开.通过对光谱学资料的考察,玻尔的思维和理论有了巨大的飞跃,使他写出了“论原子构造和分子构造”的长篇论著,提出了量子不连续性,成功地解释了氢原子和类氢原子的结构和性质.1921年,玻尔发表了“各元素的原子结构及其物理性质和化学性质”的长篇演讲,阐述了光谱和原子结构理论的新发展,诠释了元素周期表的形成,对周期表中从氢开始的各种元素的原子结构作了说明,同时对周期表上的第72号元素的性质作了预言.1922年,发现了这种元素铪,证实了玻尔预言的正确.1922年玻尔获诺贝尔物理学奖.
1920年在玻尔筹划下创立的哥本哈根大学理论物理研究所,在创立量子力学的过程中,成为世界原子物理研究中心.这个研究所不但以其一批批出色的科学成就而为人所知,而且以其无与伦比的哥本哈根精神著名,这就是勇猛进取、乐观向上、亲切活泼、无拘无束的治学风气,各种看法通过辩论得到开拓和澄清.玻尔担任这个研究所的所长达四十年,起了很好的组织作用和引导作用.
30年代中期,开始出现了许多由中子诱发的核反应,迫切需要一种合用的核模型,玻尔提出了原子核的液滴模型,对一些类型的核反应作出了说明,相当好地解释了重核的裂变.
1943年,玻尔从德军占领下的丹麦逃到美国,参加了研制原子弹的工作,但对原子弹即将带来的国际问题深为焦虑.1945年二次大战结束后,玻尔很快回到了丹麦继续主持研究所的工作,并大力促进核能的和平利用.1962年11月18日,玻尔因心脏病突发而逝世. |